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WASHINGTON -- For years, top officials of the Bush and
Obama administrations dismissed fears about secret government
data-mining by reassuring Congress that there were no secret nets
trawling for Americans' phone and Internet records.
"We
do not vacuum up the contents of communications under the president's
program and then use some sort of magic after the intercept to determine
which of those we want to listen to, deal with or report on," then-CIA
Director Michael Hayden told a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing in
July 2006.
But on Friday, President Barack
Obama himself acknowledged the existence of such programs even as he
gave the government's standard rationale to ease fears that Americans'
privacy rights are being violated.
"By sifting
through this so-called metadata, they might identify potential leads of
people who might engage in terrorism," Obama said during an exchange
with reporters at a health care event in San Jose, Calif.
Obama's
comments marked the first time a U.S. president publicly acknowledged
the government's electronic sleuthing on its citizens. They came in
response to media reports and published classified documents that
detailed the government's secret mass collection of phone and Internet communications.
When
top officials in the Obama and Bush administrations have been asked in
recent years whether U.S. citizens' communications were swept up as part
of government surveillance, they've often responded with swift, flat
denials. The denials were often carefully constructed to avoid any hints
of the activities they were denying.
Even
Obama's predecessor, George W. Bush, sidestepped what he described as a
kerfuffle about his administration's secret electronic
intelligence-gathering.
During a March 2006
appearance at the City Club of Cleveland, Bush described the NSA effort
only as "a program that will enable us to listen from a known al-Qaida
person and/or affiliate from making a phone call outside the United
States in or inside the United States out, with the idea of being able
to pick up quickly information for which to be able to respond in the
environment we're in." He added: "I believe what I'm doing is
constitutional, and I know it's necessary. And so we're going to keep
doing it."
His vice president, Dick Cheney,
was more blunt during a radio appearance, denying the government was
engaging in domestic surveillance.
"This is
not a domestic surveillance program," Cheney told radio host Hugh
Hewitt, adding that "what we're interested in are intercepting
communications, one end of which are outside the United States and one
end of which we have reason to believe is al-Qaida-related."
Technically,
Cheney's description of the program was accurate. His insistence that
the Bush administration was not engaged in domestic surveillance is more
debatable.
Reports that first appeared in
Britain's Guardian newspaper and The Washington Post indicate that the
NSA pulls in phone records, though not the actual content of the calls,
from its secret warrants
allowing it to collect data from major telecom companies. The program
is aimed at detecting the calling patterns of terrorist suspects. A
separate government program also collects massive amounts of data from
at least nine Internet and electronic firms, pulling in everything from
emails to photographs. Obama said Friday that the electronic data-mining
is not aimed at American citizens or inside the U.S.
Several
top Bush administration officials adamantly insisted that the
government was not engaged in mass data-trawling as part of its secret
NSA programs.
After a New York Times expose
raised concerns about NSA targeting Americans' phone records, Hayden
told a National Press Club audience in January 2006 that there was no
effort to cast a wide net over communications data.
"This
is targeted and focused," said Hayden, the principal deputy director of
national intelligence at the time. "This is not about intercepting
conversations between people in the United States. This is hot pursuit
of communications entering or leaving America involving someone we
believe is associated with al-Qaida."
Bush's
attorney general, Alberto Gonzales, also minimized the reach of the NSA
data-gathering, telling a Senate Judiciary hearing in February 2006 that
"this surveillance is narrowly focused and fully consistent with the
traditional forms of enemy surveillance found to be necessary in all
previous armed conflicts."
Bush administration
officials were repeatedly pressed by Congress about the NSA efforts in
2005 and 2006, as the Senate and House debated whether to extend the
Patriot Act and many of its provisions that gave the government broad
power to conduct surveillance and data collection. But once the Patriot
Act's main provisions were reauthorized and signed into law by Bush in
March 2006, public congressional concerns over the NSA's authority
seemed to dissipate.
A review of congressional
transcripts shows that from 2006 well into Obama's first term, top
administration officials were rarely questioned publicly about the NSA's
data-gathering activities. Instead, the agency's new director, Keith B.
Alexander, was most often pressed about the NSA's growing efforts in
cyberwarfare and security.
It was not until
May 2011, as the Patriot Act again faced another reauthorization, that
the NSA's secret programs began to receive cryptic attention from two
Democratic senators, Ron Wyden of Oregon and Mark Udall of Colorado.
Hobbled by the classified nature of the secret programs, the two
senators offered up only guarded warnings.
"When
the American people find out how their government has secretly
interpreted the Patriot Act, they will be stunned and they will be
angry," Wyden said during a floor speech in May 2011. He added: "Many
members of Congress have no idea how the law is being secretly
interpreted by the executive branch, because that interpretation is
classified."
Still hamstrung by the programs'
security classification in 2013, Wyden pressed National Intelligence
Director James Clapper at a Senate Intelligence Committee hearing in
March about the NSA. "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on
millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?" he asked.
"No,
sir," Clapper replied. He added: "Not wittingly. There are cases where
they could inadvertently perhaps collect but not wittingly."
This
week, after the new revelations about the NSA's massive data haul,
Clapper acknowledged the existence of both of the agency's secret
operations and denounced the media disclosures as "reprehensible."
When
contacted by the National Journal about his earlier exchange with
Wyden, Clapper stood by his earlier comments denying that the NSA is
collecting massive troves of data.
"What I said was, the NSA does not voyeuristically pore through U.S. citizens' emails," Clapper said. "I stand by that."
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