Asia
18 September 2014
Last updated at 09:09 ET
At least 60 Australians are said to be fighting with extremist groups in Syria and northern Iraq
How serious is the problem?
Authorities are concerned about the radicalisation of a minority of Australia's small Muslim community.
They have said that at least 60 Australians are fighting with extremist groups in Syria and northern Iraq. Another 20 have returned to Australia after fighting in those places.
Spy chief David Irvine, the director general of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, has said about 15 Australians have been killed so far in these conflicts, including two suicide bombers.
He also said 100 or more people within Australia were "actively supporting" militant groups by recruiting new fighters, grooming suicide-bombing candidates, and providing funds and equipment to militants.
An Islamic centre south of Brisbane was raided on 10 September
Who are the Australian jihadists?
Terrorism expert Clive Williams of the Australian National
University says Australian jihadists are Sunni Muslims, the branch of
Islam which the Islamic State (IS) follows.
Studies have shown that more than half of those who have embraced radicalism were born in Australia and about 60% are of Lebanese heritage.
Most were married with children, and were not particularly religious prior to believing in extreme Islamic ideologies.
In terms of specific individuals, some details are known. Arrest warrants were issued in July for two IS fighters, Khaled Sharrouf and Mohamed Elomar.
Australia carried out a major anti-terror sweep on 18 September, arresting at least 15 men
Sharrouf was one of eight people arrested for plotting to
attack the Lucas Heights nuclear reactor in Sydney. He was jailed in
2008 and served four years.
In December, he slipped out of the country using his brother's passport. It is believed that a young boy photographed earlier this year holding a severed head, is one of his sons.
The two men arrested during the Islamic centre raid on 10 September were named by local media as Agim Kruezi and Omar Succarieh.
Succarieh is believed to be the brother of Abu Asma al Australi, said to be the first Australian suicide bomber to die in Syria.
Local media have also described Mohammad Ali Baryalei, a former Sydney bouncer, as Australia's most senior IS member.
A warrant has been issued for his arrest and the most recent raids are said to have been linked to an intercepted phone call involving him.
Tackling Australia's home-grown jihadists
Teenager behind Iraq blast
Australia boy 'displays severed head in Syria'
Australia arrests two in Islamic centre raid
Australia raids over 'Islamic State plot to behead'
When did it hit the headlines?
The problem caught national attention earlier this year as conflicts in Iraq and Syria intensified.
In July an 18-year-old from Melbourne blew himself and several others up in a suicide bomb attack in Iraq. Authorities said he was the second Australian suicide bomber.
Images then emerged of Sharrouf and another Australian IS fighter, brandishing the severed heads of what appeared to be Syrian government soldiers.
In September, authorities raided an Islamic centre in Brisbane, Queensland, arresting two men believed to have been recruiting people to fight in Syria.
On 12 September, Australia raised its terror threat level from medium to high - meaning that an attack was likely.
This was followed a week later by terror raids linked to an apparent plot to kill members of the public selected at random.
What is the government doing?
Mr Abbott has announced a slew of measures aimed at blocking foreign fighters
Prime Minister Tony Abbott has pushed for anti-terror
legislation to target home-grown terrorists, including making it a
criminal offence to travel to certain areas without a valid reason.
The government is also planning to criminalise encouragement of terrorism, and make it easier for authorities to restrict the activities of suspects, and to search their homes.
New counter-terrorism units have been set up at Sydney and Melbourne airports, with plans for such units at all international airports.
Counter-terrorism units in Australia airports
Australia plans tougher travel laws
How has the Muslim community in Australia reacted?
Australia has a small and moderate Muslim community, comprising of 2.2% of the population
Australia's mostly overseas-born, moderate Muslim community makes up just 2.2% of the country's population, according to the 2011 census.
Prominent community representatives have condemned extremist violence. The Grand Mufti - the top Muslim religious authority in the country - told Fairfax Media: "We are the first ones to oppose anyone who may think of harming Australian society."
But they have also criticised the Australian government's proposed anti-terror laws, saying they would restrict freedoms and harm relations with the Muslim community.
They have raised concerns that Australia's military involvement in Middle East conflicts would stoke radicalisation at home.
by Louise Healy and Biodun Iginla, BBC News
At least 60 Australians are said to be fighting with extremist groups in Syria and northern Iraq
Major anti-terror raids
have taken place in Australia as the country grapples with what
authorities describe as a serious threat from extremists supporting the
Islamic State militant group. The BBC looks at the issue of radicalised
Australians.
They have said that at least 60 Australians are fighting with extremist groups in Syria and northern Iraq. Another 20 have returned to Australia after fighting in those places.
Spy chief David Irvine, the director general of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, has said about 15 Australians have been killed so far in these conflicts, including two suicide bombers.
He also said 100 or more people within Australia were "actively supporting" militant groups by recruiting new fighters, grooming suicide-bombing candidates, and providing funds and equipment to militants.
An Islamic centre south of Brisbane was raided on 10 September
Studies have shown that more than half of those who have embraced radicalism were born in Australia and about 60% are of Lebanese heritage.
Most were married with children, and were not particularly religious prior to believing in extreme Islamic ideologies.
In terms of specific individuals, some details are known. Arrest warrants were issued in July for two IS fighters, Khaled Sharrouf and Mohamed Elomar.
Australia carried out a major anti-terror sweep on 18 September, arresting at least 15 men
In December, he slipped out of the country using his brother's passport. It is believed that a young boy photographed earlier this year holding a severed head, is one of his sons.
The two men arrested during the Islamic centre raid on 10 September were named by local media as Agim Kruezi and Omar Succarieh.
Succarieh is believed to be the brother of Abu Asma al Australi, said to be the first Australian suicide bomber to die in Syria.
Local media have also described Mohammad Ali Baryalei, a former Sydney bouncer, as Australia's most senior IS member.
A warrant has been issued for his arrest and the most recent raids are said to have been linked to an intercepted phone call involving him.
Tackling Australia's home-grown jihadists
Teenager behind Iraq blast
Australia boy 'displays severed head in Syria'
Australia arrests two in Islamic centre raid
Australia raids over 'Islamic State plot to behead'
In July an 18-year-old from Melbourne blew himself and several others up in a suicide bomb attack in Iraq. Authorities said he was the second Australian suicide bomber.
Images then emerged of Sharrouf and another Australian IS fighter, brandishing the severed heads of what appeared to be Syrian government soldiers.
In September, authorities raided an Islamic centre in Brisbane, Queensland, arresting two men believed to have been recruiting people to fight in Syria.
On 12 September, Australia raised its terror threat level from medium to high - meaning that an attack was likely.
This was followed a week later by terror raids linked to an apparent plot to kill members of the public selected at random.
Mr Abbott has announced a slew of measures aimed at blocking foreign fighters
The government is also planning to criminalise encouragement of terrorism, and make it easier for authorities to restrict the activities of suspects, and to search their homes.
New counter-terrorism units have been set up at Sydney and Melbourne airports, with plans for such units at all international airports.
Counter-terrorism units in Australia airports
Australia plans tougher travel laws
Australia has a small and moderate Muslim community, comprising of 2.2% of the population
Prominent community representatives have condemned extremist violence. The Grand Mufti - the top Muslim religious authority in the country - told Fairfax Media: "We are the first ones to oppose anyone who may think of harming Australian society."
But they have also criticised the Australian government's proposed anti-terror laws, saying they would restrict freedoms and harm relations with the Muslim community.
They have raised concerns that Australia's military involvement in Middle East conflicts would stoke radicalisation at home.
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